Visual support techniques for 11 plus maths word problems: Spiegel
1 November 2026
Why visual support matters
Visual support techniques help children see the structure of a maths word problem. Instead of holding all the information in their head, they can use diagrams or mirrored layouts to organise their thinking.
Key insight: Visual tools make abstract problems concrete
Drawing, mirroring, or mapping out the problem gives children a way to spot relationships and missing steps that are easy to miss when working only in words.
What is a mirror (Spiegel) technique
A mirror technique means reflecting the structure or information in a problem, so children can see patterns or balance. For example, if a problem describes two sides or groups, a mirrored diagram helps compare them directly.
How to use a mirror layout
Start by identifying the two sides, groups or actions in the problem. Draw them as two shapes or boxes facing each other. Add the numbers or facts from the problem to each side. This makes it easier to see what is missing or what needs to be found.
Worked example
A word problem: Lily has 12 marbles. She gives some to Ben, and now they both have the same number. How many marbles did Lily give to Ben?
Step 1: Draw two boxes, one for Lily and one for Ben, side by side like a mirror. Write 12 in Lily's box, and? in Ben's box.
Step 2: Show the action. Draw an arrow from Lily's box to Ben's box, labelled with x (the number of marbles given).
Step 3: Write the new amounts: Lily has 12 - x, Ben has x.
Step 4: Since they now have the same number, write 12 - x = x.
Step 5: Solve for x. 12 - x = x means 12 = 2x, so x = 6.
Lily gave Ben 6 marbles.
How mirroring helps
The mirror layout makes it clear that the problem is about balancing two amounts. This helps children set up the correct equation and avoid confusion.
Tips for parents
Encourage your child to draw boxes, arrows or mirrored diagrams whenever a problem involves two groups or a transfer. Talking through the drawing together can reveal what the question is really asking.
